Health and Medicine
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Professor De’Broski Herbert | Scratching the Surface: The Role of Itch-Sensing Neurons in Fighting Parasitic Worms
Parasitic worms cause serious health issues in billions of people worldwide, so understanding how our bodies fight them off is crucial for developing better treatments. In a new study, Professor De’Broski Herbert and his team at the University of Pennsylvania have uncovered a surprising connection between the neurons that make us itch and our body’s ability to protect itself from skin-penetrating worms. In their study, the team led by postdoctoral researcher Juan Inclan Rico, explored a subtype of sensory nerves that express a specific receptor, which can make us feel itchy in response to certain chemicals.
Professor Bruce Bowerman | Illuminating the Crucial Role of Microtubules in Forming Healthy Egg Cells
Meiosis is a special type of cell division that produces egg and sperm cells. This process is crucial for sexual reproduction and the continuation of species. When meiosis goes wrong within an organism, it can lead to infertility, or genetic disorders within the offspring. As such, understanding the precise mechanics of meiosis may have important implications for preventing genetic disorders in humans. Moreover, improving our understanding of this process will help clinicians identify healthy oocytes, a key obstacle when using IVF to overcome fertility problems.
Professor Irina Kabakova | Brillouin Microscopy: The Future of Non-Invasive Tissue Analysis and Diagnostics
Brillouin microscopy is a revolutionary imaging technology that offers detailed insights into the mechanical properties of cells and tissues. The technology relies on Brillouin light scattering. When light interacts with a material, it scatters in a way that depends on the material’s mechanical properties. This scattering causes a shift in the frequency of the light, which scientists can measure to determine stiffness and viscosity. This non-invasive technique allows living tissues to be studied in great detail without needing to use chemical labels or physical contact. The field of Brillouin microscopy has seen significant advancements over the past two decades, primarily driven by the development of high-resolution optical spectrometers.
Christian Fazekas – Franziska Matzer | New Ways to Understand and Measure Patient Care and Wellbeing
In an era of increasing healthcare challenges, we need new ways to provide, understand and enhance patient care. It is vital to understand how physicians can maintain high-quality patient care even in times of crisis, like during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also vital to measure patients’ satisfaction with their own subjective health before and after medical treatment to enhance patient care and wellbeing. New research from Christian Fazekas, Franziska Matzer and their colleagues at the Medical University of Graz, in cooperation with the Austrian Medical Chamber, contributes to this important area.
Understanding and Living with Migraine
Migraine is a common medical disorder. At least one in seven adults have it. Women are three times more likely to do so. This information is presented by Lifting The Burden (www.l-t-b.org), The Global Campaign Against Headache – a collaboration between the World Health Organization, academic institutions and specialist headache doctors all over the world. The Campaign’s purpose is to make migraine less of a problem for everybody.
Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment: Breakthroughs in Precision Medicine and Immunotherapy
In her fascinating book entitled Advancing Healthcare Through Personalized Medicine, Priya Hays brings the exciting world of personalized medicine to life. She explores how precision medicine and immunotherapies are revolutionizing care for cancer patients, making treatments more effective and tailored to individual genetic profiles. In particular, Hays focuses on cancers that have poor survival rates, for which innovative treatments are urgently required.
Berthold Seitz | Embracing Excellence in Ophthalmology Training at Saarland University Medical Center
Given the complexity and delicate nature of eye care, highly skilled ophthalmologists are essential to preserving and restoring vision. The journey to becoming an exceptional ophthalmologist is marked by in-depth training, hands-on experience, and access to cutting-edge resources. At the Saarland University Medical Center in Homburg, Germany, the Department of Ophthalmology offers a residency program that not only meets these criteria but exceeds them, fostering a nurturing environment where future specialists can thrive.
Dr Gabrielle Laloy-Borgna – Dr Stefan Catheline | Discovery of Flexural Waves in Blood Vessels Could Enable Accurate Cardiovascular Diagnostics
Arterial stiffness reflects our cardiovascular health and can reveal our risk of cardiovascular illness. This stiffness can be measured by assessing the speed of the waves that travel through our blood vessels as our heart beats. However, ultrasound measurements are too inaccurate for measuring wave speeds in certain blood vessels, while optical techniques are too inconsistent. Because of these issues, longitudinal waves are typically not measured in clinical settings. The key to measuring arterial stiffness may lie in assessing the right kind of waves.
Dr. Sunny Nakae | The Bias Breakers Workshop: Reducing Bias in Medical School Admissions
Unconscious bias influences the selection of candidates in all types of organizations. This is no different in medical school admissions, where bias often results in the exclusion of talented candidates whose backgrounds and experiences may differ from those of selectors. Bias in admissions perpetuates inequities within medical education, the healthcare workforce, and in health outcomes. Many academic institutions have implemented training to raise awareness of unconscious bias. However, these trainings typically do not teach skills for addressing and mitigating bias that stems from individual and structural sources.
Converting Medical Scans to 3D Models and Augmented Reality for Medical Education
Medical imaging has revolutionized our ability to non-invasively peer into the body and spot problems. However, interpreting such images correctly is a skilled task, requiring years of specialized training. Medical scans show a series of 2D images representing a cross-sectional view of the body; so, identifying specific features and understanding how the image relates to the patient’s body is not straightforward. While 3D medical images can sometimes be created by stacking 2D images together, this typically requires specialized computers, software, and training, making such imagery less accessible for medical education. Illustrative images that can be created quickly and cheaply could greatly enhance medical education and would also be beneficial for clinicians.
Radialis: Organ-Targeted PET Imaging for Precision Medicine
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique widely used to diagnose and monitor cancer patients. Before undergoing a PET scan, a clinician injects radiotracers into a patient’s bloodstream, which accumulate in different tissues. These radiotracers emit radiation that can be detected by the PET scanner, resulting in an image that shows their distribution throughout the body. By analyzing the images, a clinician can identify problematic tissues based on differences in radiotracer distribution. For example, certain radiotracers accumulate more in cancer cells, meaning that tumors appear brighter on a PET image. Unfortunately, PET scans expose patients to potentially harmful amounts of ionizing radiation.
Dr Sibylle Maria Kneissl | The Flipped Classroom: Facilitating Deeper Learning in Veterinary Education
This term, the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna is implementing a new learning approach called ‘flipped classroom’. The flipped classroom approach reverses the conventional classroom environment. Instead of attending lectures and doing tasks at home, students first learn at home, share their opinions in an online forum, and then collaborate to complete assignments in the classroom. Traditional learning approaches typically control students’ learning, directing their thoughts and feelings. In contrast, flipped classrooms allow students to study in their own time, motivating them to take control of their own learning and receive guidance from teachers when they need it.
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